What is a synthetic Cannabinoid?
Spice (drug)” redirects here. For the fictional drug in Frank Herbert’s Dune novels, see Melange (fictional drug).
Bag and contents of a well-known early brand of synthetic cannabinoids named Spice that contains herbs covered with synthetic cannabinoids, now illegal throughout much of the world
Synthetic cannabinoids are a class of designer drug molecules that bind to the same receptors to which cannabinoids (THC, CBD and many others) in cannabis plants attach.[1] These novel psychoactive substances should not be confused with synthetic phytocannabinoids (THC or CBD obtained by chemical synthesis) or synthetic endocannabinoids from which they are in many aspects distinct.
Typically, synthetic cannabinoids are sprayed onto plant matter and are usually smoked, although they have also been ingested as a concentrated liquid form in the US and UK since 2016. They have been marketed as herbal incense, or “herbal smoking blends”, and sold under common names like K2, spice, and synthetic marijuana.They are often labeled “not for human consumption” for liability defense. A large and complex variety of synthetic cannabinoids are designed in an attempt to avoid legal restrictions on cannabis, making synthetic cannabinoids designer drugs.
Most synthetic cannabinoids are agonists of the cannabinoid receptors. They have been designed to be similar to THC, the natural cannabinoid with the strongest binding affinity to the CB1 receptor, which is linked to the psychoactive effects or “high” of marijuana. These synthetic analogs often have greater binding affinity and greater potency to the CB1 receptors. There are several synthetic cannabinoid families (e.g. AM-xxx, CP-xx,xxx, HU-xx, JWH-xxx) which are classified by the creator of the substance (e.g. JWH stands for John W. Huffman), which can include several substances with different base structures such as classical cannabinoids and unrelated naphthoylindoles.
Synthetic marijuana compounds began to be manufactured and sold in the early 2000s.
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Some Cannabinoids that have been available on the market over the years:
MDMB-4en-PINACA (also incorrectly known as 5-CL-ADB-A) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold online as a designer drug. MDMB-4en-PINACA differs from 5F-MDMB-PINACA due to replacement of 5-fluoropentyl with a pent-4-ene moiety (4-en)
JWH-004
JWH-007
JWH-009
JWH-011
JWH-016
JWH-018
JWH-019
JWH-020
JWH-030
JWH-031
JWH-032
JWH-033
JWH-036
JWH-042
JWH-043
JWH-044
JWH-045
JWH-046
JWH-047
JWH-048
JWH-049
JWH-050
JWH-051
JWH-056
JWH-057
JWH-065
JWH-070
JWH-071
JWH-072
JWH-073
JWH-076
JWH-077
JWH-078
JWH-079
JWH-080
JWH-081
JWH-082
JWH-083
JWH-091
JWH-093
JWH-094
JWH-095
JWH-096
JWH-097
JWH-098
JWH-099
JWH-100
JWH-102
JWH-103
JWH-116
JWH-120
JWH-122
JWH-124
JWH-130
JWH-133
JWH-138
JWH-139
JWH-142
JWH-143
JWH-145
JWH-146
JWH-147
JWH-148
JWH-149
JWH-150
JWH-151
JWH-153
JWH-156
JWH-159
JWH-160
JWH-161
JWH-163
JWH-164
JWH-165
JWH-166
JWH-167
JWH-171
JWH-175
CUMYL-PEGACLONE (SGT-151)
5F-CUMYL-PEGACLONE
CUMYL-CB-MEGACLONE
CUMYL-CH-MEGACLONE
CUMYL-BC-HPMEGACLONE-221
CUMYL-PINACA
CUMYL-5F-P7AICA
UR-12
ADB-PINACA
ADB-4en-PINACA
MDMB-CHMICA
MDMB-CHMINACA
MDMB-FUBINACA
MMB-4en-PICA
AM-087
AM-251
AM-279
AM-281 N-(morpholin-4-yl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide
AM-356
AM-374
AM-381
AM-404
AM-411
AM-630 .
AM-661
AM-678
AM-679
AM-694
AM-735
AM-855
AM-881
AM-883
AM-905
AM-906
AM-919
AM-926
AM-938
AM-1116
AM-1172
AM-1220
AM-1221
AM-1235
AM-1241
AM-1248
AM-1710
AM-1714
AM-1902
AM-2201
AM-2212
AM-2213
AM-2232
AM-2233
AM-2389
AM-3102
AM-4030
5F-AB-PINACA
5F-ADB
5F-AMB
A-CHMINACA
AB-FUBINACA
AB-CHFUPYCA
AB-PINACA
ADB-CHMINACA
ADB-FUBINACA
ADB-PINACA
ADBICA
APICA
APINACA
MDMB-CHMICA
MDMB-CHMINACA
MDMB-FUBINACA
PX-3
AB-CHMINACA – N-[(1S)-1-(aminocarbonyl)-2-methylpropyl]-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide
HU-210
AM-694
RCS-4
WIN 48,098
CP-47,497
JWH-018
JWH-019
JWH-073
JWH-081
JWH-122
JWH-210
AM-2201
JWH-203
JWH-250
RCS-8
Structural classifications of synthetic cannabinoids
Classification Examples
Adamantoylindoles or indazole carboxamide 5F-AKB-48, APICA, STS-135
Benzimidazoles AZ-11713908, AZD-1940
Phenylacetylindoles JWH-250, RCS-8
Cyclohexylphenols CP-47,947, CP-55,940
Dibenzopyrans JWH-051, JWH-056
Eicosanoids AM-883, AM-1346, O-585, O-689
Naphtylindenes JWH-171, JWH-176
Indazole carboxamides AB-PINACA, AB-FUBINACA
Indazole-3-carboxamides AB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, PX-2, PX-3
Indole-3-carboxamides CUMYL-BICA, CUMYL-CBMICA, Org 28312, Org 28611
Indole-3-carboxylates or aryloxycarbonylindole FDU-PB-22, FUB-PB-22
Naphthoylindazoles THJ-018, THJ-2201
Naphthoylindoles AM-1221, AM-2201, JWH-007, JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-200, JWH-398, WIN-55,212-2
Phenylacetylindoles JWH-167, JWH-203
Pyrazolecarboxamides 5F-AB-FUPPYCA, AB-CHFUPYCA
Pyrrolobenzoxazines or naphtoylindole WIN 55,212-2
Quinolinyl esters or aryloxycarbonylindole PB-22, 5F-PB-22
Tetramethylcyclo-propylcarbonylindazoles FAB-144
Tetramethylcyclo-propylcarbonylindoles A-796,260, A-834,735, UR-144, XLR-11, XLR-12, XLR-11